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Healthy alternatives to soda and soft drinks

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English: 3 cans of Crush drink, from left to r...
 
You must be surprised that I am back with more on soda drinks. I have written five articles (What About Soda and Energy Drinks? May 2013) about the harmful effects of colas, energy, and soft drinks on health. Unfortunately attracted by their sugary taste, many children over-consume them at very young ages, which leave brain and body damages early enough to impact their future health. 
 
The main side effect of cola and sweetened drinks is obesity, a metabolic syndrome that leads to diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, heart problems, strokes, limb amputations, vision loss, Alzheimer’s disease, and even cancer. Their high sugar content (10 to 12 teaspoons) elevates insulin, which stresses the body and turns sugar to abdominal fat. Because excess fat around the belly secretes inflammatory substances, inflammation silently brews internally, triggering devastating diseases. 

Most canned beverages also contain high caffeine along with artificial additives (sweeteners, flavorings, colorings and preservatives). Sugar, caffeine and phosphoric acid leach the bones of calcium and deposit it in soft tissues (joints, kidneys, arteries). The first two are addictive, making the consumer go for seconds and more, over-stimulating the nervous system and causing insomnia and stress. Caffeine is especially high in some energy drinks (Red Bull). Scientists warn against its consumption as it increases risk of fatal blood clots and heart disease. Due to their dangerous effects, they are banned in certain European countries.

When studies showed the relationship between soda drinks and obesity, the industry came up with sugar substitutes (aspartame, sucralose, saccharin) and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Unwittingly, consumers turned to sugar-free colas, not realizing that the artificial sweeteners were found to have carcinogenic effects. Moreover, research at the University of Texas found them to stimulate the brain to crave sugar, leading to overconsumption and obesity.

HFCS also comes with its harmful baggage, especially to the liver. Due to sweetened sodas and fast food, obesity has recently skyrocketed to over 50 percent in the Gulf countries, placing them in the lead in terms of obesity figures, followed by the USA. Cola, soft beverages and fast food are recent manmade concoctions, promoted by the giant American beverage and food industries. This unhealthy culture became part and parcel of our daily lifestyles, substituting nutritious food and drinks. 

Unfortunately, their consumption is so high in children and young people, office and hospital employees and especially field workers that they have replaced water, which is a necessity for our cells, blood, organs, and systems for nourishment and detoxification. That is why, today, I decided to point out healthier alternatives to such beverages. I will start with water.

Water is an essential life-sustaining element to the body, brain, cells, blood, organs, and systems (digestive, glandular, respiratory, urinary, vascular…). It keeps the blood fluid in order to enhance its flow, prevents platelet aggregation and blood clots, and helps the elimination and detoxification processes. Your body and brain are over 70 percent water. All the systems depend on water; therefore we cannot live without it. 

Nothing quenches the body like pure water. A slice of lemon, lime, ginger, lemongrass, or mint leaves can be added to it. Tap water is not reliable in our country; it could be contaminated (heavy metals pesticides, antibiotics, or other pollutants). It is best to use a high quality carbon-based filter on your tap. In certain European countries, tap water is very pure, refreshing, and crystal clear. It is even preferred to bottled mineral water. 

The Chinese drink water, hot or warm, with their meals to aid digestion. Warm water is recommended before breakfast to stimulate the bowel movement and elimination. No juice or drink can substitute for water. Dr. Mao (Toa of Wellness) disapproves of soda and sweetened beverages and recommends unsweetened water, herbal infusions, tea, and little coffee instead. Here are some options. 

Tea is refreshing, health-promoting, and high in polyphenols (protective antioxidants) that detoxify the cells, blood, systems, and body from free radicals; bolsters immunity; reduces inflammation; and helps protect the body against diseases. It comes in multiple varieties (black, green, white, pu-her, oolong, sencha, bancha...). All are refreshing and energizing, good for the heart and brain. Tea contains caffeine; too much of the brew is not recommended, especially at night. White tea contains the least caffeine, 5 percent only. It is made of unfermented young tealeaves. 

One cup of coffee a day can be beneficial. Minimize sugar, opt for coconut sweetener instead, stevia leaves, or xylitol, they do not seem to be harm at the moment. Like sodas, caffeine is a diuretic, eliminating water; thus it is negative water. Herbal teas are caffeine-free and offer a wealth of phytocompounds. Herbs come in many varieties like mint, peppermint, holy basil, lemongrass, rosemary, sage, thyme, oregano, verbena, rooibos, chamomile, hibiscus, chrysanthemum flowers, and more. Each one offers different properties that lift energy and immunity, calm the nerves, or induce sleep. Some are calming (passion flower), digestive (verbena), relaxing (mint, chamomile) and curative (thyme, holy basil); others are refreshing (hibiscus) and detoxifying (rooibos, lemongrass), memory boosting (sage, rosemary), and energizing. 

Rich in antioxidants and phytochemicals, roots, spices, and aromatic seeds (anize, fennel, cumin, caraway…) like ginger (a warming energizer), cinnamon (a sweetener), cardamom, cloves (detoxifier), turmeric (anti-inflammatory), and saffron are recommended to add flavor to herbal drinks, salads, baked goods, soups, and meat and vegetable dishes. All types of herbal infusions or fruit teas can be mixed with roots, spices, and aromatic seeds to give diversified flavors and increase energy and antioxidants without harming health unless consumption is exaggerated. They make refreshing cold, iced, or warming hot drinks with meals and replace colas and soft beverages. Tea tastes good with mint, peppermint or lemon grass. Chamomile and verbena do well with ginger and lemon grass, rosemary or mint leaves. You can make your own blend. Ginger and cinnamon taste good with freshly squeezed fruit juices (carrot, orange, apple).

Cinnamon mimics insulin in the body, controlling its sudden spike in response to sugar. Cardamom, ginger, and cloves mix well with both tea and coffee to give warmth and vitality. Spices are very high in health-promoting, detoxifying, anti-aging antioxidants. Most hot or cold drinks can be sweetened with a drop of honey, cinnamon, maple, agave, coconut sweetener, stevia leaf, or xylitol. Avoid HFCS; it acts differently in the body, damaging the liver. Do not let the industry fool you into thinking otherwise. 

Though the whole fruit is superior for its precious fiber, freshly juiced organic fruits offer the same benefits, definitely preferable to soft drinks. Diluting fresh juices with water reduces their calories. You can make your own fresh juices and blends of smoothies or buy them from specialized fresh juice bars. You can add frozen berry pulp to citrus juice. Berries are low in sugar and offer many phytochemicals. You can dilute fruit concentrate with sparkling or still water, without sweeteners. 

Fresh non-starchy vegetables also make healthy detoxifying juices. Carrots or tomatoes make a good base for leafy greens, cabbage, squash, or any well-washed veggie of your choice. Ginger, salt, pepper, and lemon give the juice zest. A drop of olive oil enhances nutrient absorption. You can add low fat yogurt or soymilk to make shakes or smoothies. Sprinkle salt and pepper to beaten yogurt and dilute it with water to make a nice refreshing summer drink.
 
Mint leaves give it a nice twist.

Processed meats, denatured, nutrient-empty, manufactured foods, additives, artificial colorings, flavors, and sweeteners, taste-enhancers (monosodium glutamate, MSG), hydrogenated fats, refined sugar, carbohydrates, colas, sodas, energy and soft drinks are processed and manmade, hence foreign to the human body and also injurious to health.
Aren’t you what you eat? 

Go back to basics without altering the nature of foods; you will enjoy the natural flavor of fresh, organic, and locally grown fruits, veggies, and herbs. Why should we replace nutritious natural foods with denatured processed comestibles and artificial flavors and colorings? Let us become SMART eaters to remain healthy and live well! 

References:

• Articles by Will Carrol
• Reuters, Coke and Pepsi change recipe to avoid cancer warning
• Internet articles
• What soft drinks are doing to your body, article by Dr. Mao
• One soft drink a day raises “heart attack danger” by 20% according to US study, and Red Bull…increased risk of Heart Disease, says Scientists by Fiona Macrae
• Natural News, Obama agency rules Pepsi’s use of aborted fetal cells in soft drinks constitutes ‘ordinary business operations,’ by Ethan A. Huff
• Men’s Health. Are energy drink dangerous to your health, by David Zinzenko with Matt Goulding
 
N.B.: Individuals with medical conditions or on medication should consult their physicians when they decide to introduce anything new in their diet even if it is natural.
 
The previous Health Solutions articles are located atwww.arabnews.com
 
(Mariam A. Alireza is a holistic science specialist. Send comments tomariam.alireza@gmail.com
 
 
 
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List of best-selling books

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Cover of "The Little Prince"
Cover of The Little Prince
This page provides lists of best-selling single-volume books and book series to date and in any language. "Best-selling" refers to the estimated number of copies sold of each book, rather than the number of books printed or currently owned. Comics and textbooks are not included in this list. The books are listed according to the highest sales estimate as reported in reliable, independent sources. This list is incomplete, since there are many books such as Don Quixote, The Three Musketeers, The Adventures of Pinocchio, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and the individual Harry Potter books which are commonly cited as "best-selling books" yet have no reliable sales figures. There is a separate section on this page for books known to have sold over 10 million copies, yet do not have figures for their final sales data.
 
The Ramayan, The Geeta (Gita), The Bible, the Qur'an, The Communist Manifesto and Quotations from Chairman Mao are widely reported as the most-printed and most-distributed books in the world, with hundreds of millions of copies of each of them believed to be in existence. Exact print figures for some such books may also be missing or unreliable since these kinds of books may be produced by many different and unrelated publishers, in some cases over many centuries. All such books have been excluded from this List of best-selling books for these reasons.

More than 100 million copies

BookAuthor(s)Original languageFirst publishedApproximate sales
A Tale of Two CitiesCharles DickensEnglish1859200 million[1]
The Lord of the RingsJ. R. R. TolkienEnglish1954–1955150 million[2]
Le Petit Prince (The Little Prince)Antoine de Saint-ExupéryFrench[Note 1]1943140 million[3]
The HobbitJ. R. R. TolkienEnglish1937100 million[4]
紅樓夢/红楼梦 (Dream of the Red Chamber)Cao XueqinChinese1754[5]–1791100 million[6]
And Then There Were NoneAgatha ChristieEnglish1939100 million[7]

Between 50 million and 100 million copies

BookAuthor(s)Original languageFirst publishedApproximate sales
The Lion, the Witch and the WardrobeC. S. LewisEnglish195085 million[8]
She: A History of AdventureH. Rider HaggardEnglish188783 million[9]
The Da Vinci CodeDan BrownEnglish200380 million[10]
Think and Grow RichNapoleon HillEnglish193770 million[11]
The Catcher in the RyeJ. D. SalingerEnglish195165 million[12]
O Alquimista (The Alchemist)Paulo CoelhoPortuguese198865 million[13]
Steps to ChristEllen G. WhiteEnglish189260 million[14]
LolitaVladimir NabokovEnglish195550 million[15]
Heidis Lehr- und Wanderjahre (Heidi's Years of Wandering and Learning)Johanna SpyriGerman188050 million[16]
The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child CareDr. Benjamin SpockEnglish194650 million[17]
Anne of Green GablesLucy Maud MontgomeryEnglish190850 million[18]
Black Beauty: His Grooms and Companions: The autobiography of a horseAnna SewellEnglish187750 million[19]
Il Nome della Rosa (The Name of the Rose)Umberto EcoItalian198050 million[20]
The Eagle Has LandedJack HigginsEnglish197550 million[21]
Watership DownRichard AdamsEnglish197250 million[22]

Between 30 million and 50 million copies

BookAuthor(s)Original languageFirst publishedApproximate sales
The Hite ReportShere HiteEnglish197648 million[23]
Charlotte's WebE.B. White; illustrated by Garth WilliamsEnglish195245 million[24]
The Ginger ManJ. P. DonleavyEnglish195545 million[25]
The Tale of Peter RabbitBeatrix PotterEnglish190245 million[26]
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows[27]J. K. RowlingEnglish200744 million[28]
Jonathan Livingston SeagullRichard BachEnglish197040 million[29]
A Message to GarciaElbert HubbardEnglish189940 million[17]
Sofies verden (Sophie's World)Jostein GaarderNorwegian199140 million[30]
Angels and DemonsDan BrownEnglish200039 million[31]
Как закалялась сталь (Kak zakalyalas' stal'; How the Steel Was Tempered)Nikolai OstrovskyRussian193236.4 million copies in USSR[32]
Война и мир (Voyna i mir; War and Peace)Leo TolstoyRussian186936.0 million copies in USSR[32]
Le avventure di Pinocchio. Storia di un burattino (The Adventures of Pinocchio)Carlo CollodiItalian188135 million[33]
You Can Heal Your LifeLouise HayEnglish198435 million[34]
Kane and AbelJeffrey ArcherEnglish197934 million[35]
In His Steps: What Would Jesus Do?Charles M. SheldonEnglish189630 million[17]
To Kill a MockingbirdHarper LeeEnglish196030 million[36]
Valley of the DollsJacqueline SusannEnglish196630 million[17]
Gone with the WindMargaret MitchellEnglish193630 million[37]
Het Achterhuis (The Diary of a Young Girl, The Diary of Anne Frank)Anne FrankDutch194730 million[38]
Cien años de soledad (One Hundred Years of Solitude)Gabriel García MárquezSpanish196730 million[39][40]
The Purpose Driven LifeRick WarrenEnglish200230 million[41]
The Thorn BirdsColleen McCulloughEnglish197730 million[42]
The Revolt of Mamie StoverWilliam Bradford HuieEnglish195130 million[43]
Män som hatar kvinnor (The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo)Stieg LarssonSwedish200530 million[44]
The Very Hungry CaterpillarEric CarleEnglish196930 million[45]

Between 20 million and 30 million copies[edit source | editbeta]

BookAuthor(s)Original languageFirst publishedApproximate sales
The Late, Great Planet EarthHal Lindsey, C. C. CarlsonEnglish197028 million[46]
Молодая гвардия (The Young Guard)Alexander Alexandrovich FadeyevRussian194526 million copies in USSR[32]
Who Moved My Cheese?Spencer JohnsonEnglish199826 million[47]
The Great GatsbyF. Scott FitzgeraldEnglish192525 million[48]
The Wind in the WillowsKenneth GrahameEnglish190825 million[49]
Nineteen Eighty-FourGeorge OrwellEnglish194925 million[50]
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective PeopleStephen R. CoveyEnglish198925 million[51]
Поднятая целина (Virgin Soil Upturned)Mikhail SholokhovRussian193524 million copies in USSR[32]
The Celestine ProphecyJames RedfieldEnglish199323 million[52]
The Hunger GamesSuzanne CollinsEnglish200823 million[53]
Дядя Степа (Uncle Styopa)Sergey MikhalkovRussian193621 million copies in USSR[32]
The GodfatherMario PuzoEnglish196921 million[54]
Love StoryErich SegalEnglish197021 million[55]
狼图腾 (Wolf Totem)Jiang RongChinese200420 million[56]
The Happy Hooker: My Own StoryXaviera HollanderEnglish197120 million[57]
JawsPeter BenchleyEnglish197420 million[58]
Love You ForeverRobert MunschEnglish198620 million[59]
The Women's RoomMarilyn FrenchEnglish197720 million[60]
What to Expect When You're ExpectingArlene Eisenberg and Heidi MurkoffEnglish198420 million[61]
The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnMark TwainEnglish188520 million[62]
The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾Sue TownsendEnglish198220 million[63]
Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific in a RaftThor HeyerdahlNorwegian195020 million[64]
Osudy dobrého vojáka Švejka za světové války (The Good Soldier Švejk)Jaroslav HašekCzech192320 million copies in Russia[65]

Between 10 million and 20 million copies[edit source | editbeta]

BookAuthor(s)Original languageFirst publishedApproximate sales
English
1963
19 million[66]
English
2006
19 million[67]
English
1973
18 million[68]
English
2007
18 million[69]
English
1947
16 million[70]
Die unendliche Geschichte (The Neverending Story)
German
1979
16 million[71]
English
1994
15 million[72]
English
1975
15 million[73]
English
1942
15 million[74]
English
1989
15 million[75]
English
1936
15 million[76]
Das Parfum (Perfume)
German
1985
15 million[77]
English
1939
15 million[78]
English
1995
15 million[79]
La sombra del viento (The Shadow of the Wind)
Spanish
2001
15 million[80]
English
1979
14 million[81]
English
1997
14 million[82]
English
1933
14 million[83]
Va' dove ti porta il cuore (Follow Your Heart)
Italian
1994
14 million[84]
English
1952
13 million[32]
English
1967
13 million[85]
English
1964
13 million[86]
English
1975
13 million[87]
ノルウェイの森, Noruwei no Mori (Norwegian Wood)
Japanese
1987
12 million[88]
English
1956
12 million[89]
English
1965
12 million[90]
La Peste (The Plague)
French
1947
12 million[91]
人間失格 (No Longer Human)
Japanese
1948
12 million[92]
English
1968
12 million[93]
English
1992
12 million[94]
Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager (Man's Search for Meaning)
German
1946
12 million[95]
Divina Commedia (Divine Comedy)
Italian
1304
11-12 million (during 20th century)[96]
English
1958
11 million[97]
English
1923
11 million[98]
English
1971
11 million[99]
English
1999
10.5 million[100]
English
1961
10 million[101]
English
1978
10 million[102]
English
1988
10 million[103]
English
1957
10 million[104]
English
2002
10 million[105]
English
1992
10 million[106]
Spanish
1995
10 million[107]
Un di Velt Hot Geshvign (Night)
Yiddish
1958
10 million[108]
English
2003
10 million[109]
于丹《论语》心得 (Confucius from the Heart)
Chinese
2006
10 million[110]
English
1974
10 million[111]
Japanese
1985
10 million[112]
中国社会主义经济问题研究 (Problems in China's Socialist Economy)
Chinese
1979
10 million[113]
English
1970
10 million[114]
French
2000
10 million[115]
English
1972
10 million[116]
English
1965
10 million[117]
English
1962
10 million[118]
English
2001
10 million[119]
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Sergey Lavrov

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Sergey Lavrov
Sergey Lavrov (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov (RussianСерге́й Викторович Лавров; born 21 March 1950) is a Russian[1] diplomat who has been the Foreign Minister of Russia since 2004. His nomination to the Foreign Minister's office was approved by two Russian presidents, in 2008 by Dmitry Medvedev and in 2012 by Vladimir Putin.
Prior to that, Lavrov was a Soviet diplomat and Russia's ambassador to the United Nations from 1994 to 2004. Besides his native Russian, Lavrov speaks EnglishFrench, and Sinhala.[2]

Early life and education 

Lavrov was born in Moscow on 21 March 1950[3] to an Armenian father from Tbilisi[4][5] and a Russian mother from Georgia. His mother worked in the Soviet Ministry for Foreign Trade. Lavrov graduated from high school with a silver medal. Since his favorite class was physics, he planned to enter either the National Research Nuclear University or the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, but he entered the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) and graduated in 1972.[3] During his education at the MGIMO, Lavrov studied international relations. Soon he learnedSinhalese, the official language of Sri Lanka, as well as Dhivehi, the official language of the Maldives. Moreover, Lavrov learned English and French, but has stated that he is unable to speak the French language fluently.[citation needed] After he was admitted to the university, Lavrov, along with other students, was sent for a month to build the Ostankino Tower. During his summer vacations, Lavrov also worked in KhakassiaTuva and the Russian Far East. Each semester Lavrov with his fellow students conducted drama performances, which were later presented on the main stage of the university. During the third year of his studies, Lavrov married.[6]

Career in the Soviet Union  

Diplomatic career in Sri Lanka 

In 1972, Lavrov graduated. As per the rules of that time, a graduate of the Moscow State Institute had to work for the Foreign Ministry for a certain amount of time. Lavrov was employed in the Soviet embassy in Sri Lanka as an advisor, as he was already a specialist on the country. In May of that year, the former British dominion had become a socialist republic. At the time, the Soviet Union and Sri Lanka had close market and economic cooperation and the Soviet Union launched the production of natural rubber in the country. The Soviet embassy in Sri Lanka also maintained relations with the Maldives. The embassy in Sri Lanka employed only 24 diplomats. Lavrov was given the task of continuously analysing the situation in the country, but he also worked as a translator, personal secretary and assistant for Rafiq Nishonov. In addition, he gained the diplomatic rank of anattaché.[6]

Section of the International Economic Relations and the UN

In 1976 Lavrov returned to Moscow. He worked as a third and second secretary in the Section for the International Economic Relations of the USSR. There he was involved in analytics and his office also worked with various international organizations including the United Nations. In 1981, he was sent as a senior adviser to the Soviet mission at the United Nations in New York City. At first he worked as a secretary but was later promoted to secretary and first secretary. In 1988 Lavrov returned to Moscow and was named Deputy Chief of the Section of the International Economic Relations of the USSR. Between 1990 and 1992 he worked as Director of the International Organization of the Soviet Foreign Ministry.[6]

Career in Russia 

In October 1990, Andrey Kozyrev, who led the control of the international organizations at the time, was named Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation. In that year, the powers of the Soviet Foreign Ministry and the Foreign Ministry of the Russian Soviet Republic were distributed. Until then the Russian SSR had only a ceremonial role. In October 1991, the foreign ministers of all Soviet republics, except Georgia and the Baltic states, held a meeting where they dealt with the Union of Foreign Ministries. In November 1990, the State Council decided to change its name from the Union of Foreign Ministries to the Foreign Ministry of the Soviet Union and in December that year, the Foreign Ministry of Soviet Russia became the Foreign Ministry of the Russian Federation. In 1992 Lavrov was named director of the Department for International Organizations and Global Issues in the Foreign Ministry of the Russian Federation. In April 1991, he was named deputy foreign minister. Lavrov was asked to oversee the activities of the Human Rights and International Cultural Cooperation and the two departments - for the CIS countries, international organizations and international economic cooperation.[6] Lavrov worked for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until 1994 when he returned to work in the United Nations, this time as the Permanent Representative of Russia. While in the latter position, he was the President of the United Nations Security Council in December 1995, June 1997, July 1998, October 1999,[7] December 2000, April 2002, and June 2003.[8]

Foreign Ministership 

On 9 March 2004, President Vladimir Putin appointed Lavrov to the post of minister of foreign affairs.[3] He succeeded Igor Ivanov in the post. On 21 May 2012, Lavrov was reappointed foreign minister to the cabinet led by prime minister Dimitri Medvedev.[3]
Lavrov is regarded as continuing in the style of his predecessor: a brilliant diplomat but a civil servant rather than a politician, Russia's foreign policy being largely determined by the President of the Russian Federation. A Russian foreign policy expert at London's Chatham House, has described him as "a tough, reliable, extremely sophisticated negotiator", but adds that "he's not part ofPutin's inner sanctum" and that the toughening of Russian foreign policy has got very little to do with him.[9]

Personal life

Lavrov is married and has a daughter, Ekaterina. His hobbies include playing guitar and writing songs and poetry. He is a keen sportsman and a chain smoker.[9][10] Lavrov likes to watch football games on television,[11] is an ardent fan of the Moscow club Spartak, and a keen amateur footballer in his own right.[12] Sergej Lavrov is a member of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society.[13][14]

Honours and awards 

This article incorporates information from the equivalent article on the Russian Wikipedia.
  • Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 2nd class (2010), 3rd class (2005) and 4th class (1998)
  • Order of Honour (1996)
  • Honoured Worker of the Diplomatic Service of the Russian Federation (2004)
  • Order of the Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow, 1st class (Russian Orthodox Church, 2010) and 2nd class
  • Order of Friendship (Kazakhstan, 2005)
  • Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun (Peru, 2007)
  • Order of Friendship of Peoples (Belarus, 2006)
  • Order of Friendship (Vietnam, 2009)
  • Order of Friendship (Laos)
  • Medal of Honour (South Ossetia, 19 March 2010) - for his great personal contribution to strengthening international security, peace and stability in the Caucasus, the development of friendly relations between the Republic of South Ossetia and the Russian Federation
  • Order of St. Mashtots (Armenia, August 19, 2010) - for outstanding contribution to the consolidation and development of age-old Armenian-Russian friendly relations
  • Gold Medal of the Yerevan State University (Armenia, 2007)
  • Honorary medal "For participation in the programs of the United Nations" (UN Association of Russia, 2005)
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Beautiful Diamond Collection

Tabligi Jamat Pakistan in Pictures

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Recovering the Costa Concordia

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Recovering the Costa Concordia, which heeled over and partially sank after striking rocks in January 2012, has been described as one of the largest and most daunting salvage operations ever attempted.

Our visual guide explains the stages involved in the operation and the risks involved.
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Dialogue with Taliban by Majibur Rehman Shami

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Dialogue with Taliban by Majibur Rehman Shami
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Beauty of Faisalabad

Beauty of Peshawar

ہم کو معلوم ہے ہم نشانے پہ ہیں

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  •  رسم اہلِ وفا ہر ستم جھیلنا

    اپنی تاریخ ہے موت سے کھیلنا
    کج فہم لوگ ہم کو ڈرانے پہ ہیں
    ہم کو معلوم ہے ہم نشانے پہ ہیں
    ...
    جرم ہے مقتدر، ظلم مغرور ہے
    محو طاقت جفاؤں پہ معمور ہے
    ہم بھی اپنا جگر آزمانے پہ ہیں
    ہم کو معلوم ہے ہم نشانے پہ ہیں

    غیرت دین سے ربط کو توڑ دیں
    ڈر کے طاغوت سے نظریہ چھوڑ دیں
    یہ سبق ہم کو بزدل پڑھانے پہ ہیں
    ہم کو معلوم ہے ہم نشانے پہ ہیں
    قاتلو! قتل گاہیں سجاتے رہو
    سینے حاضر ہیں گولی چلاتے رہو
    ہم عقیدے پہ تن من لُٹانے پہ ہیں
    ہم کو معلوم ہے ہم نشانے پہ ہیں

    یہ تقاضہ ہے مُلک خُدا داد کا
    سکہ چلنے نہیں دیں گے الحاد کا
    اُن کے تاج ستم ہم گرانے پہ ہیں
    ہم کو معلوم ہے ہم نشانے پہ ہیں

    گرم پرواز، جانباز، شہباز ہم
    کشمکش ہے، جنوں ہے، تگ و تاز ہم
    جان کی بازیاں کھیل جانے پہ ہیں
    ہم کو معلوم ہے ہم نشانے پہ ہیں

    زور و زر زیر ہونے کو ہے اک دن
    بام و در ڈھیر ہونے کو ہے اک دن
    مٹنے والے ہیں وہ جو مٹانے پہ ہیں
    ہم کو معلوم ہے ہم نشانے پہ ہیں

    ہم کو چلنا ہے ہر حال قرآن پر
    دشمنوں کا چلن جندہی جان پر
    ہر حد آدمیت بُھلانے پہ ہے
    ہم کو معلوم ہے ہم نشانے پہ ہیں

    وقت بدلے گا افضال کو ہے یقیں
    جبر کے دور سے ہم ہراساں نہیں
    فتح و نصرت کے پیغام آنے کو ہیں
    ہم کو معلوم ہے ہم نشانے پہ ہیں

    چلتی بندوق کےہم دہانے پہ ہیں







How to do Dawah?

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Da‘wah (Arabic: دعوة‎) or Dawah means the proselytizing or preaching of Islam. Da‘wah literally means "issuing a summons" or "making an invitation", being the active participle of a verb meaning variously "to summon" or "to invite" (whose triconsonantal root is د ع ى). A Muslim who practices da‘wah, either as a religious worker or in a volunteer community effort, is called a dā‘ī (داعي), plural du‘āt (دعاة). A dā‘ī is thus a person who invites people to understand Islam through a dialogical process, and may be categorized in some cases as the Islamic equivalent of a missionary, as one who invites people to the faith, to the prayer, or to Islamic life

Early Islam

In the Qur'an, the term da'wah has other senses. In Sura 30:25 of the Qur'an, it denotes the call to the dead to rise on the Day of Judgment. When used in the Qur'an it generally refers to Allah's invitation to live according to His will. Thus, when used in the first centuries of Islam, it increasingly referred to the content of that message and was sometimes used interchangeably with sharī‘a and dīn.
Da‘wah is also described as the duty to "actively encourage fellow Muslims in the pursuance of greater piety in all aspects of their lives," a definition which has become central to contemporary Islamic thought.[2]

Purpose

In Islamic theology, the purpose of Da‘wah is to invite people, both Muslims and non-Muslims, to understand the worship of Allah[3] as expressed in the Qur'an and the sunnah of the Prophet, as well as to inform them about Muhammad.[2] Da‘wah produces converts to Islam, which in turn grows the size of the Muslim Ummah, or community of Muslims.[2]
Da'wah or Call towards Allah, is the means by which the Islamic Prophet Muhammad spread the message of the Qur'an to mankind. After Muhammad, his followers or Ummah assumed the responsibility of the Dawah to the people of their times.[2] They convey the message of the Qur'an by providing information on why and how the Qur'an preaches monotheism.[4]

Proselytism

The importance of Dawah has been emphasised many times in the Quran, addressing the followers of Muhammad:
Who is better in speech than one who calls to Allah, does righteous deeds and says indeed I am among the Muslims.
—Quran , Sura 41 (Fussilat), ayah 33[5]
You are the best nation raised up for humankind. You enjoin righteousness, forbid corruption and you believe in Allah.
—Quran , Sura 3 (Al-Imran), ayah 110[6]
Let there arise among you a group inviting to all that is good, enjoining righteousness and forbidding evil. Those are the successful ones.
—Quran , Sura 3 (Al-Imran), ayah 104[7]
Call to the way of your Lord with wisdom and good preaching.
—Quran , Sura 16 (An-Nahl), ayah 125[8]
In the Hadith of Muhammad, dawah has also been mentioned to further emphasise importance and virtues:
"Whoever directs someone to do good will gain the same reward as the one who does good.”[9]
"Whoever calls to guidance will receive the same reward as the one who follows him without any decrease in the reward of his follower."[10]
"For Allah to guide someone by your hand is better for you than having red camels."[11] Camels were considered the most valuable property in ancient Arabia and the red variety was the most prized of all.
“Convey from me, even if it be only a single verse."[12]
Muhammad sent Muadh ibn Jabal to Yemen and told him “You will be going to Christians and Jews, so the first thing you should invite them to is the assertion of the oneness of Allah, Most High. If they realize that, then inform them that Allah has made five daily prayers obligatory on them. If they pray them, then inform them that Allah has made the payment of charity from their wealth obligatory on their rich to be given to their poor. If they accept that, then take it from them and avoid the best part of people’s property.”[13]

Proselytizing methods

Kindness/Gentleness

With regard to Muhammad's mild nature in preaching Islam, the Quran says:
"And by the mercy of Allah you dealt with them gently. If you were harsh and hard hearted, they would have fled from around you" (Quran 3:159).
The Quran says about Moses and Aaron who preached to Pharaoh, the claimant of God,:
"So speak to him, both of you, mildly in order that he may reflect or fear God." (Quran 20:44).
Muhammad was reported by his wife, Aisha to have said “Whenever gentleness is in a thing it beautifies it and whenever it is withdrawn from something it defaces.”[14]
Muhammad was quoted by Jareer as saying,“One deprived of gentleness is deprived of all good."[15]

Wisdom

"Invite to the way of your Lord with wisdom and good instruction, and argue with them in a way that is best. Indeed, your Lord is most knowing of who has strayed from His way, and He is most knowing of who is [rightly] guided ...". Sura An-Nahl, 16: 125
A classical example of diversion in dawah can be seen in the case of Prophet Yusuf in prison when two prisoners asked him to interpret their dreams. Then it occurred to them, after they had seen the proofs to imprison him for a time. And there entered with him two young men in the prison. One of them said: “Indeed, I saw myself pressing wine.” The other said: “Indeed, I saw myself carrying bread on my head and birds were eating from it.” [They asked:] “Inform us of the interpretation of these things. Indeed, we believe you are one of the righteous.” He replied: “Whenever food came to you as your provision, I informed you about it before it came. That is from what my Lord has taught me. Indeed, I have abandoned the religion of a people who did not believe in Allah and the Hereafter. And I have followed the religion of my fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and we would never attribute any partners whatsoever to Allah. This is from the Grace of Allah to us and to humankind, but most people are not thankful. O my two prison companions! Are many different lords better than Allah, the One, the Irresistible? You are only worshiping besides Him names which you and your fathers made up for which no authority was revealed by Allah. Judgment belongs to Allah alone. He has commanded that you worship none besides Him; that is the upright religion, but most people do not know. O my two prison companions! As for one of you, he will pour wine for his lord to drink and as for the other, he will be crucified and birds will eat form his head. This is the case judged concerning which you both inquire.” Sura Yusuf, 12: 35-41

Speaking Common Language

“I did not send any messenger except that he spoke the language of his people to explain to them.” Sura Ibrahim, 14: 4

Location

Doing Dawah in the right location. For example, Mount Safa in the time of Muhammad was used for announcements. So Muhammad went there to make his point. He chose that particular location because he knew the people he was inviting to Islam. He knew their nature and characteristics, so he chose Mount Safa. He climbed up to its summit and addressed his people saying: “O people of Quraysh, if I were to tell you there was an army behind this hill would you listen to me?”[16]

Proselytizing movements

Modern Dawah movements are varied in their objectives and activities for example:
  • Muslim Brotherhood has focused on a methodology of building grassroots institutions and funding welfare projects which has helped it survive decades of repression under various dictatorships in many middle eastern countries, with the group and its many off shoots still enjoying popular support and power.[17][18]
  • Jamaat-e-Islami has focused on presenting Islam as complete way of life and on methodology of building grassroots institutions and funding welfare projects.
  • Tablighi Jamaat works on trying to bring the Muslims back to the fundamental practises of Islam such as worship, they do this through encouraging members to speak and to teach them the virtues of good actions, the movement has a following of over 100 and 150 million people.[19]
  • Ahmed Deedat was a notable debater who was a revolutionary figure amongst Muslims for his effort debating Christian polemics, many Muslim debaters from popular debaters to grassroots Dawah campaigners use his books and videos as reference material.[20][21]
  • Zakir Naik as a student of Ahmed Deedat followed in his teachers footstep by debating Christian polemics and holding Q&A sessions with Christians, Zakir Naik is particularly notable for taking the effort of debating Christian polemics to the Muslim mainstream with his popular channel Peace TV.[22]
  • Hizb ut-Tahrir is a movement which focuses on educating the Muslim masses on khilafat and establishing khilafat.[23]
  • iERA is a research institute based in London which seeks to debate Muslim and non-Muslim intellectuals, help new Muslims, train speakers, produce academic research papers on Dawah issues.[.[1]
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Saudi Aramco

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Saudi Aramco (Arabic: أرامكو السعوديةʾArāmkō s-Saʿūdiyyah), officially the Saudi Arabian Oil Company, is a Saudi Arabian nationaloil and natural gas company based in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.[4][5] Saudi Aramco's value has been estimated at up to US$10 trillion in the Financial Times, making it the world's most valuable company.[6][7][8]
Saudi Aramco has both the largest proven crude oil reserves, at more than 260 billion barrels (4.1×1010 m3), and largest daily oil production.[9] Headquartered in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia,[10] Saudi Aramco operates the world's largest single hydrocarbon network, the Master Gas System. Its yearly production is 7.9 billion barrels (1.26×109 m3),[11] and it managed over 100 oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia, including 279 trillionstandard cubic feet (scf) of natural gas reserves.[11] Saudi Aramco owns the Ghawar Field, the world's largest oil field, and the Shaybah Field, one of the world's largest oil fields

History

The origins of Saudi Aramco lie in the oil shortages of World War I and the exclusion of American companies from Mesopotamia by the San Remo Petroleum Agreement of 1920. The US Republican administration had popular support for an ‘Open Door’ policy, which Herbert Hoover, secretary of commerce, initiated in 1921. Standard Oil of California (SoCal) was among those US companies actively seeking new sources of oil from abroad.[13]
SoCal through its subsidiary company, the Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO), struck oil on Bahrain in May 1932. This event heightened interest in the oil prospects of the Arabian mainland. On 29 May 1933, the Saudi Arabian government granted a concession to SoCal in preference to a rival bid from the Iraq Petroleum Company.[14] The concession allowed Socal to explore for oil in Saudi Arabia. SoCal assigned this concession to a wholly owned subsidiary called California-Arabian Standard Oil Co. (CASOC). In 1936, with the company having had no success at locating oil, the Texas Oil Company (Texaco) purchased a 50% stake of the concession.[15]
After four years of fruitless exploration, the first success came with the seventh drill site in Dammam, a few miles north of Dhahran in 1938, a well referred to as Dammam No. 7. This well immediately produced over 1,500 barrels per day (240 m3/d), giving the company confidence to continue. On 31 January 1944, the company name was changed from California-Arabian Standard Oil Company to Arabian American Oil Company (or Aramco).[16] In 1948, Socal and Texaco were joined as investors by Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso) which purchased 30% of the company, and Socony Vacuum (later Mobil) which purchased 10% of the company, leaving Socal and Texaco with 30% each. The newcomers were also shareholders in the Iraq Petroleum Company and had to get the restrictions of the Red Line Agreement lifted in order to be free to enter into this arrangement.
In 1950, King Abdulaziz threatened to nationalize his country's oil facilities, thus pressuring Aramco to agree to share profits 50/50.[17] A similar process had taken place with American oil companies in Venezuela a few years earlier. The American government granted US Aramco member companies a tax break known as the golden gimmick equivalent to the profits given to King Abdulaziz. In the wake of the new arrangement, the company's headquarters were moved from New York to Dhahran.
In 1973, following US support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War, the Saudi Arabian government acquired a 25% stake in Aramco. It increased its shareholding to 60% by 1974, and finally took full control of Aramco by 1980,[18] by acquiring a 100% percent stake in the company. Aramco partners continued to operate and manage Saudi Arabia's oil fields.[19] In November 1988, a royal decree changed its name from Arabian American Oil Company to Saudi Arabian Oil Company (or Saudi Aramco)[18] and took the management and operations control of Saudi Arabia's oil and gas fields from Aramco and its partners. It officially cut all oil supply to Israel the same year by order of the CEO. Following the events that unfolded in 1988, Saudi Aramco became a fully owned, privately held company. Saudi Aramco was the world's largest company with an estimated market value of $781 billion in 2005.[20] Concerns for monopolization of the world's economy have been raised.[citation needed]

Timeline

  • 1932 Oil is discovered in Bahrain. Socal begins a year-long series of negotiations with the Saudi government.
  • 1933 Saudi Arabia grants oil concession to California Arabian Standard Oil Company (Casoc), affiliate of Standard Oil of California (Socal, today's Chevron). Oil prospecting begins on Kingdom's east coast.
  • 1936 Texas Oil Company (which became Texaco, now part of Chevron) acquires 50% interest in Socal's concession. The joint venture became known as the California Texas Oil Company, or Caltex.
  • 1938 Kingdom's first commercial oil field discovered at Dhahran. Crude is exported by barge to Bahrain.
  • 1939 First tanker load of petroleum is exported. (Socal’s D.G. Scofield)
  • 1944 Casoc changes its name to Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco).
  • 1945Ras Tanura Refinery begins operations (eventually becomes the largest oil-refinery in the world).
  • 1948 Standard Oil of New Jersey (which became Exxon and now ExxonMobil) and Socony-Vacuum Oil (which became Mobil and now ExxonMobil) join Socal (now Chevron) and Texaco (now Chevron) as owners of Aramco.
  • 1950 1,700 km Trans-Arabian Pipe Line (Tapline) is completed, linking Eastern Province oil fields to Lebanon and the Mediterranean.
  • 1950 The US government bestows upon the US member companies a tax break equivalent to 50% of oil profits, a deal known as the Golden gimmick.
  • 1956 Aramco confirms scale of Ghawar and Safaniya, the largest onshore and the largest offshore field in the world, respectively.
  • 1961Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) - propane and butane — is first processed at Ras Tanura and shipped to customers.
  • 1966 Tankers begin calling at "Sea Island", new offshore crude oil loading platform off Ras Tanura.
  • 1973Saudi Government acquires 25 percent interest in Aramco.
  • 1975 Master Gas System project is launched.
  • 1980 Saudi Government acquires 100 percent participation interest in Aramco, purchasing almost all of the company's assets.
  • 1981 East-West Pipelines, built for Aramco natural gas liquids and crude oil, link Eastern Province fields with Yanbu on the Red Sea.
  • 1982 King Fahd visits Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, on Aramco's 50th Anniversary to inaugurate the Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center (EXPEC), a milestone in the Saudization of the company's operations.
  • 1984 Company acquires its first four supertankers.
  • 1987 East-West Crude Oil Pipeline expansion project is completed, boosting capacity to 3.2 million barrels (510,000 m3) per day.
  • 1988Saudi Arabian Oil Company, or Saudi Aramco, is established.
  • 1988 Oil supply to Israel is officially ceased by order of the President and CEO.
  • 1989-1990 High-quality oil and gas are discovered in three areas south of Riyadh — the Raghib area about 77 miles southeast of the capital.[21]
  • 1991 Company plays major role combating Gulf War oil spill, the world's largest.
  • 1992 East-West Crude Oil Pipeline capacity is boosted to 5 million barrels (790,000 m3) per day. Saudi Aramco affiliate purchases 35% interest in SsangYong Oil Refining Company (S-Oil) in the Republic of Korea.
  • 1993 Saudi Aramco takes charge of Kingdom's domestic refining, marketing, distribution and joint-venture refining interests by buying Jeddah-based Saudi Arabian Marketing and Refining Company (SAMAREC). The company also assumed the Saudi Arabian government's 50% share of the Jubail export refining company, which becomes the Saudi Aramco Shell Refining Company (SASREF).
  • 1994 Maximum sustained crude-oil production capacity is returned to 10 million barrels (1,600,000 m3) per day. Company acquires a 40% equity interest in Petron, largest refiner in the Philippines.
  • 1995 Company completes a program to build 15 very large crude carriers. Saudi Aramco President and CEO Ali I. Al-Naimi is named the Kingdom's Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, and Chairman of Saudi Aramco. Abdullah S. Jum'ah is named the CEO, President, and Director of Saudi Aramco.
  • 1996 Saudi Aramco acquires 50 percent of Motor Oil (Hellas) Corinth Refineries and Avinoil from the Vardinoyannis family. Company also assumes controlling interest in two Jeddah-based lubricants companies, now known as Saudi Aramco Lubricating Oil Refining Company (Luberef) and Saudi Arabian Lubricating Oil Company (Petrolube).
  • 1998 Saudi Aramco, Texaco and Shell establish Motiva Enterprises LLC, a major refining and marketing joint venture in the southern and eastern United States.
  • 1999 HRH Crown Prince 'Abd Allah inaugurates the Shaybah field in the Rub' al-Khali desert, one of the largest projects of its kind in the world goes on stream. The Dhahran-Riyadh-Qasim multi-product pipeline and the Ras Tanura Upgrade project are completed. The second Saudi Aramco-Mobil lubricating oil refinery (Luberef II) in Yanbu' commences operations.
  • 2000 Petroleum Intelligence Weekly ranks the company the first in the world for the 11th straight year, for the country's crude oil reserves and production. Aramco Gulf Operations Limited is established to administer the government's petroleum interest in the Offshore Neutral Zone between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. New facilities are under construction in the Haradh and Hawiyah gas plant projects to process gas for delivery to the Master Gas System and to domestic markets.
  • 2001 Hawiyah Gas Plant, capable of processing up to 1.6 billion scf per day of non-associated gas, comes on stream.
  • 2003Haradh Gas Plant completed two and a half months ahead of schedule.
  • 2004 HRH Crown Prince 'Abd Allah ibn 'Abd Al-'Aziz Al Saud, First Deputy Prime Minister and Head of the National Guard, inaugurates the 800,000-barrel-per-day (130,000 m3/d) Qatif-Abu Sa'fah Producing Plants mega project. In addition to the crude, the plants provide 370 million scf of associated gas daily.
  • 2005 Saudi Aramco and Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. sign a joint venture agreement for the development of a large, integrated refining and petrochemical complex in the Red Sea town of Rabigh, on Saudi Arabia's west coast. This becomes known as Petro Rabigh.
  • 2006 Saudi Aramco and Sumitomo Chemical break ground on Media:PETRORabigh, an integrated refining/petrochemical project. Haradh III completed, yielding 300,000 bbl/d (48,000 m3/d) of oil. Accords signed for two export refineries—Jubail (with Total) and in Yanbu' (with Conoco-Phillips).
  • 2007 Saudi Aramco subsidiary Saudi Aramco Sino Co. Ltd. signs agreements with ExxonMobil, Sinopec Corp and the Fujian Provincial Government of China to form two joint ventures: Fujian Refining and Petrochemical Co. Ltd., a refining and petrochemicals venture, and Sinopec SenMei (Fujian) Petroleum Co. Ltd. (SSPC), a marketing venture.
  • 2008 Saudi Aramco celebrates the 75th anniversary of 29 May 1933, signing of the oil concession between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Standard Oil of California (Socal). King Abdullah visits Dhahran to celebrate the 75th anniversary.
  • 2009 CEO inaugurates KAUST, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, where many high profile guest, state leaders, kings, and scholars attended the ceremony.
  • 2009 Saudi Aramco reaches 12 Mbbl/d (1,900,000 m3/d) capacity after completing an expansion program. Also, Petro Rabigh, the company's first petrochemical plant (a partnership with Sumitomo Chemicals Co., Ltd., begins production.
  • 2010 Saudi Aramco unveils GigaPOWERS™ and runs a first field test of Resbots™.[22]
  • 2011 Saudi Aramco starts production from Karan Gas Field, with an output of more than 400 million scf per day.[23]
  • 2011 Saudi Aramco is officially named the world's largest and most valuable privately owned company. Saudi Aramco is said to be monopolizing the world's energy market.[citation needed]
  • 2011 Aramco raised selling prices for all crude grades for customers in Asia and Northwest Europe for April shipments and cut prices for customers in the U.S.[24]
  • 2012 Aramco was ranked by Forbes as the first among the World's largest oil companies.[25]
  • 2013 Saudi Aramco Asia Company Limited which is a subsidiary of Saudi Aramco has announced that it plans to set up an USD 8 billion joint venture with Pertamina which is Indonesia’s state oil and gas company.[26]
  • 2013 Saudi Aramco makes its largest contract ever to Siemens for power plants components, totalling $966.8 million.[27]

Operation

Saudi Aramco is headquartered in Dhahran; and its operations span the globe which include exploration, producing, refining, chemicals, distribution and marketing.

Exploration

A significant portion of the Saudi Aramco workforce consists of geophysicists and geologists. Saudi Aramco has been exploring for oil and gas reservoirs since 1982. Most of this process takes place at the Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center (EXPEC). Originally, Saudi Aramco used Cray Supercomputers (CRAY-1M) in its EXPEC Computer Center (ECC)[28] to assist in processing the colossal quantity of data obtained during exploration and in 2001, ECC decided to use Linux clusters as a replacement for the decommissioned Cray systems. ECC installed a new supercomputing system in late 2009 with a disk storage capacity of 1,050 terabytes (i.e, exceeding one petabyte), the largest storage installation in Saudi Aramco's history to support its exploration in the frontier areas and the Red Sea.[29]

Drilling

This is the most crucial process and as such accounts for the largest segment of the Saudi Aramco workforce. Drilling new wells efficiently and then maintaining them requires the company to employ a large number of engineers. With the increasing global demand for oil, Saudi Aramco seeks to expand its oil production. To do this the company seeks to expand the number of engineers and geo-scientists it employs.

Refining and Chemicals

While the company did not originally plan on refining oil, the Saudi government wished to have only one company dealing with oil production. Therefore, on 1 July 1993, the government issued a royal decree merging Saudi Aramco with Samarec, the country's oil refining company. The following year, a Saudi Aramco subsidiary acquired a 40% equity interest in Petron Corporation, the largest crude oil refiner and marketer in the Philippines.[11] Since then, Saudi Aramco has taken on the responsibility of refining oil and distributing it in the country.
Currently, Saudi Aramco's refining capacity is more than 4 million barrels per day (640,000 m3/d) (International joint and equity ventures: 2,060 Mbbl/d (328,000,000 m3/d), domestic joint ventures: 1,108 mpbd, and wholly owned domestic operations: 995 Mbbl/d (158,200,000 m3/d).) This figure is set to increase as more projects go online.[11]
Additionally, Saudi Aramco's downstream operations are shifting its emphasis to integrate refineries with petrochemical facilities. Their first venture into it is with Petro Rabigh, which is a joint venture with Sumitomo Chemical Co. that began in 2005 on the coast of the Red Sea.

List of refineries

List of domestic refineries:[11]
List of domestic refining ventures:[11]
List of international refining ventures:[11]

Shipping

Saudi Aramco has employed several tankers to ship crude oil, refined oil and gas to various countries. It has created a wholly owned subsidiary company, Vela International Marine Limited, to handle shipping to North America, Europe and Asia.[31]

Research and development

Saudi Aramco has taken a keen interest in optimizing its processes over the last decade. To this end, it has employed about 500 engineers and scientists specializing in different aspects of the hydrocarbon industry.
There are two R&D entities in Saudi Aramco: 1) Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center Advanced Research Center (EXPEC ARC) which is solely managed by Exploration & Producing and focuses on upstream research, and 2) The Research and Development Center (R&DC), which focuses on downstream research and includes bio-research. Leading research undertaken at these two major facilities provides Saudi Aramco with competitive technology solutions throughout the vast range of its petroleum-related activities.

Saudi Aramco patents

Saudi Aramco patents:
In 2010, Saudi Aramco was granted its 100th patent.[32]
Notable patents that Saudi Aramco holds are:
1. GigaPOWERS™ The EXPEC ARC debuted GigaPOWERS™ on 23 January 2010 to a live audience at their auditorium. GigaPOWERS™ is a second generation innovation of POWERS (Parallel Oil, Water and Gas Enhanced Reservoir Simulator) that was created in 1997 and is a high-resolution reservoir simulator to model and predict the performance of super-giant reservoirs. (See reservoir simulation for more information).GigaPOWERS™ did that job with giga-cell reservoir simulation technology, which meant that the models could hold more information and produce better reservoir simulations.[33]
GigaPOWERS™ set a new industry record for being able to simulate reservoirs at seismic or near-seismic resolution. Previously, scientists simulated this by averaging the simulation model cells in order to reduce their number, thus reducing the amount of information in the model. However, with the innovation of GigaPOWERS™, models of more than one-billion cells were simulated. This makes it easier to study the performance and predict the behavior of oil fields, so that engineers and scientists can create better strategies when producing those fields.
2. Resbots™

Other services

Saudi Aramco provides various services to its employees, the community, government agencies and private companies which it interfaces with. It maintains several large "high-tech" hospitals and provides health insurance for its employees worldwide. It also maintains multiple fire stations, both industrial and residential, a western-style educational system, and provides employees with various recreational facilities such as golf, movie theaters, bowling alleys, multipurpose buildings and so on. Saudi Aramco introduced its Elite Security over two decades ago. This security force has been militarily trained abroad and primarily ensures the safety of the company's industrial and residential areas as well as the families of senior management officials.
Saudi Aramco has operations all over the world. It often needs to transport employees between operations. To do this, it owns and operates a fleet of 79 airplanes and 15 helicopters, and two airports in the United States (the only private organization allowed by the FAA to own and operate its own airports), as well as aviation facilities at five international airports in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Aramco has intensive career development programs under its Career Development Department. These includes PDP (Professional Development Program) for fresh graduates and ADP (Advanced Degree Program) for Master and PhD studies. This program played a central part in transfer of jobs from expatriates to Saudi Arab nationals. To maintain relations with the Saudi Arab government, the company's Government Affairs Organization was set up. It handles nearly all correspondence between Saudi Aramco and others, performs official translations and distribution of correspondence for company action and information, and coordinates meetings between company staff, government officials, private and corporate visitors.

Associated companies/subsidiaries

Leadership

The Supreme Council for Petroleum and Minerals Affairs sets the company's broadest policy and objectives. The council's executive management members are drawn from the Saudi Arabian government and the private sector.[1]
List of President and CEO's that led Saudi Aramco up to now:

Environmental record

The company has an "Environmental Master Plan" to reduce the emissions provided by Capital Programs, some of which has already been completed.[citation needed] Saudi Aramco is a leading company in the region in reducing sulfur emissions, CO2, and flaring.[citation needed] Also, a CEO Dashboard complemented by an annual Environmental Report shows the exact Environmental statistics and Key Performance Indicators in terms of air and sea water pollutions.

Financial data

The "FT's Non-Public 150" by the Financial Times and McKinsey - the study of the world’s largest unlisted companies — 2006).[38][39]
Financial data (2011):[40]
  • Fiscal Year End: December
  • Revenue: $182 billion est. (2010)[41]
  • Employees: 55,441
  • Employee Growth (1 yr): 4.50%
  • Oil reserves: 259.9 billion barrels (4.132×1010 m3)
  • Production: 12.0 million barrels per day (1,910,000 m3/d)

Cyber attack

Aramco computers were attacked by a virus on 15 August 2012.[42][43] The following day Aramco announced that none of the infected computers were part of the network directly tied to oil production, and that the company would soon resume full operations.[44] Hackers claimed responsibility for the spread of the computer virus.[45] The virus hit companies within the oil and energy sectors.[46][47] A group named "Cutting Sword of Justice" claimed responsibility for an attack on 30,000 Saudi Aramco workstations, causing the company to spend a week restoring their services.[42] The group later indicated that the Shamoon virus had been used in the attack.[48] Due to this attack, the main site of Aramco went down and a message came to the home page apologizing to customers.[49] Computer security specialists said that "The attack, known as Shamoon, is said to have hit "at least one organization" in the sector. Shamoon is capable of wiping files and rendering several computers on a network unusable."[47].[12]
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Pakistan Taliban Talks

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The Pakistani Taliban on Sunday announced preconditions for talks on ending an insurgency that has killed thousands, as seven more soldiers or police including a general died in insurgent attacks.
Shahidullah Shahid, spokesman for the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), had earlier welcomed the new government’s move to begin peace talks, but said Sunday it must show its sincerity. “First of all, troops in the entire tribal area should go back to barracks and then our prisoners should be released,” Shahid said. “The Pakistan government must take steps which can develop an atmosphere of trust and can remove the doubts and suspicion. We cannot move forward unless the governments accepts these two demands.”
He was speaking after the Taliban’s shura or decision-making council held three days of talks about the government offer of dialogue. Shura members from across the country took part in the meeting and stressed the need for confidence-building measures, the spokesman said. Shahid did not give a figure for the number of jailed insurgents and did not totally rule out peace talks if the preconditions are not met.
 


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Younus Khan

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Mohammad Younus Khan (Pashto, Urdu: محمد یونس خان) (born 29 November 1977) is a Pakistani cricketer and former captain of the Pakistan national cricket team. Younus' name is often spelled Younis Khan, but he has been quoted as saying, "My name is Younus Khan. I tell people that everywhere, but they don’t listen."[1] He is only the third Pakistani player to score 300 or more runs in an innings.[2] Like Imran Khan, he is most remembered for his leadership letting Pakistan win 2009 ICC World Twenty20.
 
On 10 March 2010, Younus, along with another player, Mohammad Yousuf were axed by the Pakistan Cricket Board from playing for Pakistan in any format for an indefinite period, following an inquiry report which suggested that both players were involved in breaches of discipline by inciting divisions within the team.[3] The ban was lifted three months later.[4] Presently Younus is a key member in the ODI and Test match side. By February 2012, Younus reached his 20th test match century against England

International career

Younus Khan made his international debut in an ODI against Sri Lanka at Karachi in February 2000, and has since played over 150 ODIs for Pakistan. He has also played in over 50 Test matches. Younus was one of the few batsmen who retained his place in the team after Pakistan's disastrous World Cup campaign in 2003, but lost it soon after due to a string of poor scores in the home series against Bangladesh and South Africa. He came back for the one-day series against India, but failed to cement a place in the Test side.
 
It was his return to the side in October 2004, at the pivotal one-down, against Sri Lanka in Karachi that laid the groundwork for his emergence as a force in Pakistan cricket. Younus was the top run-getter in the disastrous 3–0 whitewash in Australia immediately after and on the tour of India, for which he was elevated to vice-captain. After a horror start to the series, he came back strongly, capping things off with 267 in the final Test. It was his highest Test score that came off 504 balls in the first innings, to set up a series levelling victory in Bangalore.
 
Apart from being an accomplished batsman, Younus is also a skilled slip fielder and a very occasional leg-spin bowler. Once, Craig McMillan hit Younus for 26 runs, 4 4 4 4 6 4 in an over, a then world record, during 3rd Test at Westpac Trust Park, Hamilton.[6] He has performed particularly well on foreign grounds, including on tours of Australia, India, England and Sri Lanka. In the six Tests he has played against India, Younus averages an exceptional 106, the highest average against India by a Pakistani cricketer.[7] Apart from his 267 at Bangalore, Younus also made 147 at Kolkata in 2005 and a pair of centuries during India's trip to Pakistan in 2006. More importantly, the tour to India also showcased his potential as a future captain of Pakistan and his energetic and astute leadership has impressed many people. Also in 2006, Younus made a century in the third Test against England at Headingley. On 22 January 2007, he scored a matchwinning 67 not out in the 4th innings to guide Pakistan to victory over South Africa in Port Elizabeth. The five wicket win levelled the series at 1–1.
In 2005, he was one of the 15 nominees for the ICC Test Player of the Year. He is the second fastest Pakistani in terms of innings to reach 4000 Test runs, behind Javed Miandad. Younus reached the milestone in 87 innings, just one more than Sachin Tendulkar took.[8]Younus Khan topped the ICC's Test Batting Rankings in February 2009 after an acclaimed innings of 313 in his first test as captain, in the process of helping save the match for Pakistan.[9] His ranking score of 880 is the third highest achieved by a Pakistani batsmen after Mohammad Yousuf (933), Javed Miandad (885) and just ahead of Inzamam-ul-Haq (870).[10]

Captaincy situation

He first led Pakistan against the West Indies in 2005. In September 2006, he was offered the position of captain for the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy, following the suspension of Inzamam ul Haq. He turned down the offer, stating he did not want to be a "dummy captain".[11] However, on the morning of 7 October 2006, the Pakistan Cricket Board announced that Khan would lead his team in the tournament.[12] Following the resignation of Inzamam after the Pakistan's exit from the 2007 Cricket World Cup, Khan was offered the captaincy on a permanent basis, but he turned it down. He blamed the angry reaction by the Pakistani public to the team's early exit from the tournament.[13]
 
After Pakistan's 2-1 defeat to Sri Lanka in 2009, PCB chairman Ijaz Butt appointed Younus Khan as the permanent captain of both the Test and ODI teams. The appointment became effective as of 27 January 2009.[14] Shortly after accepting the post, Younus was quoted as saying, "I will try and fix things that aren't right at the moment... I want our team to be consistent above all, in everything we do and that will require everyone to put their hands up."[15] Younus went on to say that he expects full support from former captain Shoaib Malik whom he called a senior player in the side.

Resignation from captaincy

Khan resigned as captain on 13 October 2009 due to a parliamentary investigation into match fixing that was alleged to have taken place during his reign. Despite being cleared in the investigation, Khan said "Yes I have submitted my resignation because I am disgusted by these match-fixing allegations made against me and the team."[16]Khan also dropped a catch of Grant Elliott in the 2009 ICC Champions Trophy semi-final. He had a hair-line fracture in his finger prior to the match. Later PCB Chairman requested Khan to take back his resignation and Khan did it under his conditions. However after captaining the team for a three-match series against New Zealand Younus took a break for test matches in New Zealand and the series in Australia the captaincy was given to Mohammad Yousuf and since then Younus has not captained the national team.

Post-captaincy: sacking, troubles and return (2010)

Younus's career after he gave up the captaincy continued on a downwards spiral as he was banned on 10 March 2010. Pakistan Cricket Board announced that Younus Khan had been banned indefinitely for "infighting which brought down the whole team during the tour of Australia in January".[17] His ban was however overturned three months later in June 2010.[4] Despite being cleared of any wrongdoing, Younus was not selected for the series against England.[18] Pakistan continued to suffer frequent batting collapses against England in Test cricket. This put the Pakistan Cricket Board under pressure to restore Younus to the game. Around the same time, Pakistani batsman and Test Captain Salman Butt was suspended on charges of being involved in spot-fixing.
 
This resulted in several former captains including Moin Khan and Zaheer Abbas wanting Younus reinstated to the test team as captain.[19] However the Pakistan Cricket Board did not clear Younus Khan for selection on the tours of South Africa in 2010. Despite being the first-choice for captaincy, the selecting panel Mohsin Khan announced that Misbah-ul-Haq was recalled and made captain.[20] Signs of an improvement in the relationship of the Pakistan Cricket Board and Younus Khan began to emerge after the board contacted Younus to potentially be selected for the tour Against South Africa in October 2010[21]
On 31 August 2010, the Daily Telegraph in its news article mentioned that Younus Khan was associated with alleged match-fixer Mazhar Majeed. Younus threatened to sue the Daily Telegraph over the fact that they posted false information about Younus.
 
The Daily Telegraph admitted that they incorrectly reported that Younus Khan was affiliated with Mazhar Majeed. After a full public apology by the Daily Telegraph, Younus dropped the defamation charges against the newspaper[22] The Pakistan Cricket Board subsequently announced that they had successfully reconciled with Younus Khan and that they intended to use him on the tour of South Africa in October 2010 as a replacement for the injured Mohammad Yousuf[23] On his comeback ODI against South Africa, Younus Khan scored 54 runs. Younus then confirmed a statement by Pakistan captain Rashid Latif that he had not apologised to the PCB for his actions. As he believed he had committed nothing wrong. He also stated that the PCB chairman Ijaz Butt did not ask Younus to apologise either.[24][25] His on-field comeback went well when he scored 74 runs and anchored Pakistan's innings Pakistan eventually won the fourth ODI against South Africa by 1 wicket. His first test match in over 12 months also went well when he scored a century in the second innings of the first test against South Africa this century along with a 168 run partnership with captain Misbah-ul-Haq allowed Pakistan to salvage a draw. Younus eventually finished unbeaten on 131[26] During this match he along with Misbah-ul-Haq led Pakistan to another feat. By the end of his innings of 131, it became Pakistan's highest score of all time while batting in the fourth innings with Pakistan at 343/3.

New Zealand test series: 2011

Younus played in the two-match test series against New Zealand and Younus scored 23 in the first innings and was not required to bat in the second innings as Pakistan sealed a 10-wicket victory. During the first innings of the second test match Younus was given caught incorrectly at short-leg when on 73. In the post-match interview Younus took the view the umpires are humans they make mistakes but they should reduce the errors they make, also he called for the UDRS (Umpire Decision Review System) to be used in all test matches so that if an error is made it can be referred.[27]

Twenty20 Cricket (2007 – present)

Pakistan captain Younus Khan announced his retirement from Twenty20 cricket after leading his team to the ICC World Twenty20 by beating Sri Lanka at Lord's. Sri Lanka suffered an 8 wicket thrashing. "This is my last Twenty20 game [for Pakistan], so I am retiring from T20 internationals," Younus said, "I am now 31, I am old for this kind of cricket." No immediate announcement was made as to the identity of his successor as 20-over captain. On 29 July 2009, it was confirmed that Shahid Afridi would succeed him as the Twenty20Captain.
 
However after Younus returned to the national setup, he announced that he was willing to play Twenty20 cricket for Pakistan as a senior batsman[28] Younus then confirmed that he was available to play in all three-formats of the game. He also announced that he was no longer in the race for the captaincy[29] After announcing his comeback to Twenty20 cricket Younus was selected for the three match Twenty20 series against New Zealand in December 2010. Younus played in all three-matches but struggled for form.

Domestic career

Australian first-class cricket

In 2008–09, Younus is playing for the Southern Redbacks in Australia's domestic circuit on a short-term basis. He scored a century against Queensland Bulls in the first innings of a Sheffield shield match in Brisbane, which helped the Redbacks to win their first Shield match for a year.

County Cricket

In 2005, Younus played county cricket for Nottinghamshire in England. In the 2007 English domestic cricket season, played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club as an overseas player. In doing so he was the third overseas Asian cricketer to play for Yorkshire following Sachin Tendulkar and Yuvraj Singh, and was succeeded by Pakistani player Inzamam-ul-Haq. On his County Championship debut for Yorkshire, he made a disappointing 4 runs from 4 balls in his first innings, being bowled by Rikki Clarke of Surrey, and just 12 in his second innings.[30] However, on his one-day debut in the Friends Provident Trophy, Younus hit a superb 100 from 92 balls against Nottinghamshire to lead Yorkshire to victory.[31]
 
He made his first County Championship century, 106 off 151 balls, for Yorkshire against Hampshire at the Rose Bowl in the third match of the season and followed it up with an unbeaten double hundred, 202 off 290 balls, in the second innings to steer Yorkshire to a confident declaration. In doing so, Younus became the first Yorkshire player to score a century and a double century in the same match. Younus also made a useful contribution bowling during Hampshire's second innings, picking up four wickets for just 52 runs, however despite his and the team's efforts the match ended in a draw.[32] He repeated the feat of an unbeaten double century at Scarborough in a rain-affected drawn match with Kent. He played a superb innings to finish on 217* off just 252 balls with 18 fours and 6 sixes. He left Yorkshire following the 8-wicket drubbing of Glamorgan Dragons. However, the nature of the victory denied him of the chance to sign off in a fitting matter as he was not required to bat.
He signed for Surrey for the 2010 season.[33]

Indian Premier League

In 2008 Younus signed with the Indian Premier League and was drafted by the Rajasthan Royals for a bid of $225,000 USD. He however played only 1 match in the tournament against Kings XI Punjab and scored 1 run. Younus Khan has not appeared in the IPL since.[34]

Playing style

Younus is regarded as one of the best players of spin bowling in the world, being particularly strong on the leg side. His favourite and trademark shot is the flick, but it has also been his shortcoming, with him being particularly prone to falling lbw during the early stages of his innings. He is also prone to getting down on one knee and driving extravagantly. But this flamboyance is coupled with grit. One of his main weaknesses is playing away from the body, he also has a tendency to leave straight balls, a trait that has been exploited by bowlers in the past, particularly by the Australian attack. Along with Mohammad Yousuf and the now retired Inzamam-ul-Haq, he formed a formidable middle order batting line up for Pakistan.
Younus is a skillful infielder, with a report prepared by Cricinfo in late 2005 showing that since the 1999 Cricket World Cup, he had effected the third highest number of run-outs in ODI cricket (joint with Andrew Symonds), with the highest success rate.[35].[5]
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اب کس کا جشن مناتے ہو؟؟؟

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(اب کس کا جشن مناتے ہو؟؟؟
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اب کس کا جشن مناتے ہو، اس دیس کا جو تقسیم ہوا
اب کس کے گیت سناتے ہو، اس تن من کا جو دونیم ہوا
...

اس خواب کا جو ریزہ ریزہ ان آنکھوں کی تقدیر ہوا
اس نام کا جو ٹکڑا ٹکڑا گلیوں میں بے توقیر ہوا

اس خون کا جو بدقسمت تھا راہوں میں بہا یا تن میں رہا
اس پھول کا جو بے قیمت تھا، آنگن میں کھلا یا بن میں رہا

ان معصوموں کا جن کے لہو سے تم نے فروزاں راتیں کیں
یا ان مظلوموں کا جس سے خنجر کی زباں میں باتیں کیں

ان نوحہ گروں کا جس نے ہمیں خود قتل کیا خود روتے ہیں
ایسے بھی کہیں دم ساز ہوئے، ایسے جلاد بھی ہوتے ہیں

ان بھوکے ننگے ڈھانچوں کا جو رقص سر بازار کریں
یا ان ظالم قزاقوں کا جو بھیس بدل کر وار کریں

یا ان جھوٹے اقراروں کا جو آج تلک ایفا نہ ہوئے
یا ان بے بس لاچاروں کا جو اور بھی دکھ کا نشانہ ہوئے

اس شاہی کا جو دست بدست آئی ہے تمہارے حصے میں
کیوں ننگ وطن کی بات کرو، کیا رکھا ہے اس قصے میں

آنکھوں میں چھپائے اشکوں کو، ہونٹوں میں وفا کے بول لیے
اس جشن میں میں بھی شامل ہوں نوحوں سے بھرا کشکول لیے
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